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Name of the Programme: MSc in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Total duration: 2 years
Scope:
The course is aimed to impart to the students a comprehensive knowledge on:
Biochemistry which deals withall the chemical processes happening in living cells including the metabolic and biochemical signalling pathways that outline life
Molecular biology which is a branch of life sciences that signifies the functionalities of macromolecular complexes that delineate the phenomenon of life
On the whole, these two areas of life science complement to the foundation of important biomedical applications such as genetic engineering, biotechnology and immunology.
Pattern of course (Semester/annual): Semester
Mode of teaching (Regular/distant): Regular
Language of teaching: English
Colleges/ Institutions offering the programme with number of seats at each college
Eligibility for admission:
Bachelor degree in Biochemistry/ Biotechnology/ Microbiology/ Chemistry/ Dairy Science/ Zoology
Mode of selection and admission:
Selection of candidates is based ona separate entrance examination and interview. The nature of the entrance examination will be of objective type with questions on general knowledge and the subject concerned. Selection shall be done on the basis of the OGPA in the qualifying exam, score in the entrance exam, experience, published articles, interview and the extracurricular activities of the candidate.Candidates will be considered for admission only if they secure a minimum of 40% marks in the entrance examination. The minimum is 30% for SC/ST candidates.
Seat reservations:
60% - State Merit, 30% Socially and Educationally Backward Classes, 10% SC/ST
| Sl.No | Category | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| A | State Merit (SM) | 60 |
| B | Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) | 30 |
| a | Ezhava (EZ) | 9 |
| b | Muslim (MU) | 8 |
| c | Other Backward Hindu (OBH) | 3 |
| d | Latin Catholic and Anglo Indian (LA) | 3 |
| e | Dheevara and related communities (DV) | 2 |
| f | Viswakarma and related communities (VK) | 2 |
| g | Kusavan and related communities (KN) | 1 |
| h | Other Backward Christian (OBX) | 1 |
| i | Kudumbi (KU) | 1 |
| C | Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes | 10 |
| a | Scheduled Castes (SC) | 8 |
| b | Scheduled Tribes (ST) | 2 |
Syllabus: Separate document attached
Mode of evaluation:
For each course there will be written examination (80 marks), assignment (10 marks) and viva-voce (10 marks) as part of the evaluation.
Attendance requirement: 80%
| Name of Programme | Sem 1 | Sem 2 | Sem 3 | Sem 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuition Fee | 30000 | 30000 | 30000 | 30000 |
| Special Fee | 10250 | 2100 | 5200 | 2100 |
| Total Fee | 40250 | 32100 | 35200 | 32100 |
DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY BIOCHEMISTRY
Master of Science in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Major Courses
| Courses | Credits |
|---|---|
| BMB 801: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS | Credits 2 + 0 |
| BMB 802: CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES | Credits 3 + 1 |
| BMB 803:CELL BIOLOGY | Credits 2 + 0 |
| BMB 804: ENZYMOLOGY | Credits 2 + 0 |
| BMB805: CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID METABOLISM | Credits 2 + 0 |
| BMB 806: PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM | Credits 2 + 0 |
| BMB 807: NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY | Credits 2 + 0 |
| BMB 808: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY | Credits 2 + 2 |
| BMB 809: IMMUNOCHEMISTRY | Credits 1 + 0 |
| BMB 810ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY | Credits 2 + 2 |
| BMB 811: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | Credits 2 + 0 |
| BMB 812: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING | Credits 2 + 1 |
| BMB 891 SEMINAR | Credits 1 + 0 |
| BMB 813 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSIOLOGY | Credits 3 + 1 |
| BMB 814: MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY | Credits 2 + 0 |
| BSTAT- 551 BIOSTATISTICS | Credits 2 + 1 |
| TOTAL | 40 |
|
BMB899 RESEARCH AND DISSERTATION BMB 800 TRAINING |
Credits 10 |
BMB 801: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS Credits 2 + 0
Module-1
Ionization of water - Concept of pH, pH determination - Acids and Bases - Henderson Hasselbalch equation – Buffers – Indicators - Solutions - Methods of expression of concentration – Diffusion – Osmosis – Viscosity – Colloids - Surface tension – Adsorption – Dialysis -Donnan membrane equilibrium - Radioactivity.
Module-2
Open, closed and insulated systems - Laws of thermodynamics - Concept of enthalpy, entropy, free energy and free energy change – Exothermic, endothermic reactions - Chemical equilibrium – Spontaneity of a reaction- Minimum energy conformation - High energy compounds and energy transfer from ATP
Module-3
Redox potential and free energy changes- Standard reduction potential -Bioenergetics and biological oxidation- Oxido reductase – Sub classes – Components of mitochondrial electron transport chain - Oxidative phosphorylation - Chemiosmotic theory - ATP synthesis- Inhibitors of respiratory chain. Uncouplers – Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation.
BMB 802: CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES Credits 3 + 1
Module-1
Carbohydrates – Classification – Monosaccharides- Structure -Properties – Oligosaccharides - Disaccharides - Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Cellobiose, Isomaltose – Polysaccharides – Starch, Glycogen, Inulin, Cellulose Chitin – Heteropolysaccharides- Glycosamino glycans -glyco proteins and proteoglycans – Bacterial cell wall polysaccharides
Module-2
Lipids – Classification, Chemical nature and protperties of lipids – Fatty acids – Classification -Fats, oils and waxes -Triacyl glycerols – Phospholipids – Lecithin - Cephalin - Sphigolipids – Lipoproteins – Chylomicrons – LDL – VLDL – HDL – Cholesterol – Bile acids and bile salts
Module-3
Proteins – Amino acids- Classification – Structure – Properties- Zwitterions – isoelectric pH - Essential amino acids – Proteins – Structure- Classification–Reactions - Protein folding-Protein sequencing -Denaturation of Proteins
Module-4
Chemistry of Purines – Pyrimidines – Nucleosides – Nucleotides - Nucleic acids – Structure of DNA –Watson and Crick model - RNA – structure and functions of tRNA, mRNA and rRNA – properties of nucleic acids - Denaturation – Renaturation – Chromosomes –Cohesins – Condensins - SMC proteins.
Practical
Standardization of Acids and Bases - Preparation of Normal solutions - Determination of pH by various methods – Preparation of buffer solutions - Reactions of Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides- Disaccharides- Non-reducing Disaccharide -Polysaccharides - Reactions of Proteins – Estimation of amino acids - Reactions of Lipids- Acid number/saponificationof an oil - Identification of unknown substances of physiological importance
BMB 803: CELL BIOLOGY (2 + 0 = 2)
Module 1
Evaluation of cellular structures and organization - Structural and biochemical differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes – Viruses and bacteriophages – Visualizing cells – Light microscopy – Phase contrast microscopy – Fluorescence microscopy – Confocal microscopy – Electron microscopy.
Module 2
Structure and functions of cell organelles: membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cytosol – Cell-cell interactions – Cell junctions – Cell adhesions – Extracellular matrix – Membrane Transport – Passive and active transport - Uniport – Symport – Antiport – Ion channels – Endo and exocytosis - Intracellular compartment and protein sorting
Module 3
Cell cycle – cell cycle control system- check points – Cyclically activated protein kinases –Apoptosis – Mitochondria in apotosis Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways - Cell Division- Mitosis – Cytokinesis - Germ cells - Meiosis – Fertilization - Cancer – Cancer-critical genes – Oncogenes – Protoonco genes – Tumour suppressor genes - Molecular basis of cancer cell behavior.
BMB 804: ENZYMOLOGY Credits 2 + 0
Module-1
Enzyme classification - Properties –enzyme activity – Specificity - Mechanism of action – Theories of enzyme action – active site - Factors affecting enzyme activity – Enzyme units- Turnover number - Kinetics – Michaelis Menton equation – Line Weaver Burk equation
Module-2
Activation energy – Coenzymes – Metallo enzymes – Co-factors Structure and mechanism of action of representative enzymes, lysozyme, Chymotrypsin and Ribonuclease - Enzyme inhibition – Competitive - Uncompetitive – Mixed – Suicidal activators –Regulatory enzymes – Allosteric enzymes - Feed back inhibition
Module-3
Isoenzymes, abzymes, ribozymes - Isolation and purification of enzymes - Criteria of purity of enzymes - Zymography - Isoenzyme separation -Application of enzymesin chemical and food industry, enzyme immobilization, biosensors and clinical applications of enzymes
BMB 805: CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID METABOLISM Credits 2 +0
Module-1
Review of carbohydrate digestion - Glucose transport across intestinal mucosal cells- GLUT molecules and glucose transport - Glycolysis – Malate aspartate and glycerol phosphate shuttle pathways – 2,3 BPG shunt
Module-2
Entry of fructose, mannose and galactose in glycolytic pathway -Glycogenolysis - Alcohol fermentation – Fate of pyruvate -TCA cycle – HMP pathway – Glucronate pathway – Gluconeogenesis – Glycogenesis – Synthesis of lactose - Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism – Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism- Photosynthesis – Calvin cycle - glyoxylate cycle
Module-3
Review of fat digestion and absorption – Lipoprotein metabolism –Triacyl glycerol - Beta oxidation of saturated, unsaturated, even chain and odd chain fatty acids – Fate of Propionyl CoA – Ketone bodies and their utilization – Bioynthesis of fatty acids –Regulation of fatty acid metabolism - Cholesterol metabolism
BMB 806: PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM Credits 2 + 0
Module-1
Review of protein digestion and absorption – Transport of amino acids – Degradation of amino acids – Transamination – Deamination – Disposal of ammonia – Urea cycle – Disturbances in urea cycle – Fate of carbon skeleton of amino acids
Module-2
Physiologically active peptides - Synthesis of special products from amino acids – Catecholamines – Melanin – Thyroid hormones – Polyamines – Serotonin – Niacin etc and its biological significance – Disorders associated with amino acid metabolism – Tyrosinaemia – Alkaptonuria – Albinism – Homocysteinuria – MSUD – Citrullinaemia – Hartnup disease – Phenylketonuria
Module-3
Review of nucleic acid digestion – Endonucleases – Exonucleases - Degradation purines and pyrimidines – Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines – Denovo and salvage pathways - Formation of deoxy nucleotides - Clinical significances of carbohydrate and nucleic acid metabolism may be added
BMB 807: NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY Credits 2 +0
Module-1
Digestion and absorption of biomolecules – Energy metabolism – Calorimetry – BMR – Determinartion and factors affecting BMR – SDA of food– Principles of nutrition –Balanced diet & its planning -Nutritive importance of various food sources - Calorific value of food - toxins & additives – Obesity - Protein Energy - Malnutrition ( PEM)- Free radicals and antioxidants in relation to nutrition - Analysis of proximate principles in feed
Module-2
Vitamins – Chemistry - Biological importance - Deficiency manifestations &
recommended daily allowance.Macro & micro elements -Their role in health & disease water metabolism & its regulation.
Module-3
Diet in the management of chronic diseases viz; Diabetes mellitus – Coronary artery diseases – Renal disorders – hypertension – Anaemia – Rickets and Osteomalacia
BMB 808: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Credits 2 +2
Module-1
Collection of samples – Preservation – Pre-analytical errors in clinical biochemistry – Chemistry of respiration – urine formation - acid base balance –Water and electrolyte balance and imbalance
Module-2
Disorders associated with metabolism of biomolecules – Hyperglycaemia - Galactosaemia - Glycogen storage diseases – Vongierk’s disease, Pompe’s Disease, McArdles’ disease, Anderson’s disease, Cori’s disease - Keto acidosis –Phenylketonuria, Mapple syrup urine disease - Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Immunodeficiency disorders- Biotransformation of xenobiotics
Module-3
Hormonal disorders - Diabetes mellitus –Adrenal deficiency diseases – Hyper adrenocorticism - Adrenal dependent and Pituitary dependent – Diabetes insipidus – Thyroid dependent diseases - Hyperthyroidism – Hypothyroidism – Pituitary dependant diseases - Gigantism - Cretinism- Disorders due to defective elimination of waste products - Uremia, Hyper bilirubinaemia (Juandice)
Module-4
Enzymes of diagnostic importance – Plasma proteins in health and disease - Function tests of various organs - Kidney, Liver, Adrenal, Cardiac, GI tract, Pancreas, Thyroid and Pituitary
Module-5
Radioisotopes and their clinical applications - Total Quality Management of Laboratories - Internal Quality control - External Quality control - Accreditation of laboratories
Practical
Estimation of glucose - Glucose tolerance test - Estimation of glycosylated proteins – liver and kidney function tests - Estimation of total protein –Abumin - A:G ratio – Bilirubin - Urea –Creatinine - Separation of serum proteins by electrophoresis – Estimation of total activity of enzymes of clinical importance – ALT, AST, LDH, CPK, ALP, ACP, Amylase etc. – Lipid profile analysis – Triacylglycerol, Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL – Estimation of minerals, Na, K etc.
BMB 809: IMMUNOCHEMISTRY (1 + 0 = 1)
Module 1
Immunity- active and passive-Organs of Immune system- Cellular basis of immunity- Humoral and cell mediated immunity.
Module 2
Antigens: various types and characteristics- Haptens - Immunoglobulins- structure, properties and functions- Generation of antibody diversity- Polyclonal antibodies – Monoclonal antibodies- Hybridoma - Recombinant antibodies - Antigen Antibody reaction- MHCs – Complement system – Hypersensitivity reactions.
Module 3
Current immunological techniques – Immunodiffusion – Immunoelectrophoresis – Immunofluoresence - Fluorescence-activated cell sorter – ELISA – RIA – FISH
BMB 810: ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2 + 1 = 3)
Module 1
Principles and applications of Colorimetry – Spectrophotometry - Flame photometry - Spectro-flurometry –NMR - Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and Density gradient centrifugation - Ultracentrifugation
Module 2
Chromatographic Techniques: Principles and applications of chromatography - Paper chromatography - TLC, HPLC, GLC, - Ion-exchange, Gel-filtration, Affinity, Hydrophobic interaction chromatography - Metal chelate chromatography.
Module 3
Electrophoretic Techniques: Concepts in electrophoresis, PAGE, SDS-PAGE, Molecular weight determination – Isoelectrofocussing - 2D-PAGE – Submarine agarose gel electrophoresis - Capillary Electrophoresis
Module 4
Principles and applications of blotting and hybridisation techniques - Southern Blot - Northern blot - Western Blot - in situand dot blot - ELISA, RIA, PCR - Radiotracer Techniques - Concepts in radioactivity, radioactivity counting methods, Scintillation counting. Non-radioactive labeling techniques.
Practical
Fractionation and identification of amino acids, sugar and proteins by TLC and paper chromatography (1D and 2D – Gel electrophoresis – agarose and polyacrylamide and paper electrophoresis – Column chromatographic separation – fractionation of proteins by ammonium sulphate – desalting of proteins by dialysis – isolation of proteins by gel filtration – separation of amino acids by ion exchange chromatography – Determination of molecular weight of protein by gel filtration and SDS - PAGE – Demonstration of RIA, ELISA and immunoelectrophoresis.
BMB 811: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2 + 0 = 2)
Module 1
Genetic material – chromosomes - DNA -genes – Organization of chromosomes - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes – histones – nucleosomes – linker DNA – Plectonaemic and solenidal conformations - Satellite DNA - Mitochondrial DNA.
Module 2
DNAreplication – Basic principles – DNA polymerases of prokaryotes and eukaryotes – Initiation – Elongationand Termination – Tus-Ter complex – Catenanes - Transposons - DNA damage - radiation, chemicals, mutations - DNA repair mechanisms- Chemical synthesis of DNA .
Module 3
Transcription: RNA synthesis - RNA polymerases - Promoters, enhancers and transcription factors and other response elements –initiation – elongation – termination - Rho dependent and rho independent termination - DNA foot printing - Post transcriptional modification - Control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes - Operon hypothesis- Tryptophan operon – Lac operon – Arabinose operon - Transcription inhibitors.
Module 4
Protein biosynthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes - Wobble hypothesis- Genetic code and its characteristics - Shine Dalgarno sequence - Initiation – Elongation - termination signals – Post translational modifications and protein translocation - Regulation of translation - Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis
BMB 812: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING (2 + 1 = 3)
Module 1
Recombinant DNA technology – Cloning - Restriction endonucleases –Nomenclature - Types of RENs – Staggered and blunt cut – Frequency of restriction sites -Vectors – Plasmids – Bacteriphages – Cosmids – BAC – YAC – HAC - Isolation of genes - Recombinant vector - Transformation- Strategies - Selection of recombinants –Blue white screening
Module 2
Genomic DNA library - cDNA synthesis - cDNA library –Library Screening – DNA probes – Hybridisation - gene identification –DNA microarrays – Human genome project – Gene mapping – Physical and linkage mapping - Chromosome walking
Module 3
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems –Gene amplification- PCR and its variants –DNA Fingerprinting – RFLP – RAPD PCR – ERIC PCR – REP PCR – Pulsed field gel electrophoresis – CHEF - DNA sequencing - Chemical and enzymatic – Automated -Applications of rDNA technology – Gene silencing –RNA interference - Gene knock out- Site directed mutagenesis .
Module 4
Transgenic animals –Micro injection – Applications of transgenics - Somatic cell nuclear transfer – Advantages – disadvantages - Gene therapy- DNA vaccines- Telomerases and topoisomerases in treatment of diseases – Role of nucleic acids in disease diagnosis - Stem cell and its applications – Fundamentals of bioinformatics.
Practical
Isolation of Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA – Concentration and purity checking - RNA electrophoresis – mRNA isolation - Restriction Enzyme digestion - Separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis- RFLP analysis - Primer design - PCR amplification – Plasmid isolation - Cloning –Sothern blotting – Northern blotting - Hybridization assay
Seminar Credits 1 + 0 = 1
Minor Courses
BMB 813: FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSIOLOGY - I Credits 3+ 1 = 4
Module 1
Blood and body Fluids: Chemistry of Blood – Composition - Plasma proteins and its function - Blood cells RBC, WBC and Platelets – functions – blood volume and its regulation - Homeostasis – Blood coagulation – Factors required - Anticoagulants – blood groups and blood transfusion – Synthesis of Haemoglobin – degradation and excretion of bile pigments - Lymph – origin, circulation, function of lymph, lymph nodes, Reticuloendothelial system – structure and function -CSF formation, composition and function
Module 2
Digestive system :Structure and functions of alimentary tract and associated glands – Composition and functions of saliva, gastric juice – pancreatic juice - Mechanism of secretion - Factors affecting secretion - Liver Structure and function - Composition and secretion of bile - gastrointestinal hormones and their actions – digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, water and electrolytes.
Module 3
CardioVasular system: Cardiac cycle – Blood pressure and its regulation- Regional circulations– Venous – Venous return – Coronary - Pulmonary – Cerebral and cutaneous.
Module 4
Respiratory system:Structure and function of respiratory organs – Mechanism of respiration - Respiratory membrane and its importance - Transport of gases (O2, CO2) - Gas exchange in lung and tissues - Respiratory volume and capacities - Regulation of breathing
Module 5
Uro-genital system:Functional anatomy of kidney - Structure of nephron, Renal blood flow and its importance - Functions of tubules - Mechanism of urine formation - Composition of urine in health and diseases - GFR -Male and female reproduction systems - Control of growth and reproduction
Module 6
Neuromuscular system:Basic structure and function ofCentral Nervous System (CNS), Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)Transmission of nerve impulse. Musculoskeletal system –types ofmuscles, movement and muscle contraction – contractile mechanisms- Neuro-muscular disorders.
Practicals
Collection and preservation of blood samples - Haemogram – Haemoglobin - PCV – ESR- RBC count - Total WBC count - Differential count - Platelet count - MCH, MCV and MCHC – Estimation of Coagulation time – Bleeding time – Normal and abnormal urinalysis – Pregnancy tests
BMB 814: MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY (2 + 0 = 2)
Module – 1
Introduction to Endocrinology – Hormonal cascade system - Classification – Peptide, amino acid derived and steroid hormones –Vitamin derived hormones – Mechanism of action of hormones – Cell surface receptors – Intracellular receptors- G-Protein coupled receptors - Adenylate cyclases - Cyclic nucleotides, IP3, DAG, Calcium ions and tyrosine kinase as second messengers.
Module 2
Hypothalamic hormones – Homones of adenohypophysis – GH, FSH, LH, TSH, and Neurohypophysis –Oxytocin – Vasopressin - Metabolic and physiological functions – Pancreatic hormones – Insulin – Glucagon _ Pancreatic polypeptide – Somatostatin - Synthesis, structure and metabolic functions.
Module 3
Adrenal medullary hormones – Epinephrine – Nor epinephrine - Neurotransmitters (cholinergic and adrenergic) - Dopamine, Serotonin - Synthesis, structure and function – Thyroid and parathyroid hormones – T3 and T4 – Calcotonin - Parath hormone - Structure and function
Module – 4
Gastric hormones – functions - Adreno-cortical hormones – Glucocorticoids – Mineralocorticoids - Sex steroids – Metabolic and physiological functions – Retinoic acid and Vitamin D – Prostaglandins – Leukotrienes - Thromboxanes
Supporting Course
*BSTAT- 530BIOSTATISTICS 2 + 1 = 3
Course will be offered by the Faculty in the Dept. of Statistics, COVAS, Mannuthy as per the Detailed syllabus given in the PG syllabus – 2008 formulated by ICAR
Reference Books
Major Courses
BMB 801: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS Credits 2 + 0
Module-1
Ionization of water - Concept of pH, pH determination - Acids and Bases - Henderson Hasselbalch equation – Buffers – Indicators - Solutions - Methods of expression of concentration – Diffusion – Osmosis – Viscosity – Colloids - Surface tension – Adsorption – Dialysis -Donnan membrane equilibrium - Radioactivity.
Module-2
Open, closed and insulated systems - Laws of thermodynamics - Concept of enthalpy, entropy, free energy and free energy change – Exothermic, endothermic reactions - Chemical equilibrium – Spontaneity of a reaction- Minimum energy conformation - High energy compounds and energy transfer from ATP
Module-3
Redox potential and free energy changes- Standard reduction potential -Bioenergetics and biological oxidation- Oxido reductase – Sub classes – Components of mitochondrial electron transport chain - Oxidative phosphorylation - Chemiosmotic theory - ATP synthesis- Inhibitors of respiratory chain. Uncouplers – Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation.
BMB 802: CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES Credits 3 + 1
Module-1
Carbohydrates – Classification – Monosaccharides- Structure -Properties – Oligosaccharides - Disaccharides - Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Cellobiose, Isomaltose – Polysaccharides – Starch, Glycogen, Inulin, Cellulose Chitin – Heteropolysaccharides- Glycosamino glycans -glyco proteins and proteoglycans – Bacterial cell wall polysaccharides
Module-2
Lipids – Classification, Chemical nature and protperties of lipids – Fatty acids – Classification -Fats, oils and waxes -Triacyl glycerols – Phospholipids – Lecithin - Cephalin - Sphigolipids – Lipoproteins – Chylomicrons – LDL – VLDL – HDL – Cholesterol – Bile acids and bile salts
Module-3
Proteins – Amino acids- Classification – Structure – Properties- Zwitterions – isoelectric pH - Essential amino acids – Proteins – Structure- Classification–Reactions - Protein folding-Protein sequencing -Denaturation of Proteins
Module-4
Chemistry of Purines – Pyrimidines – Nucleosides – Nucleotides - Nucleic acids – Structure of DNA –Watson and Crick model - RNA – structure and functions of tRNA, mRNA and rRNA – properties of nucleic acids - Denaturation – Renaturation – Chromosomes –Cohesins – Condensins - SMC proteins.
Practical
Standardization of Acids and Bases - Preparation of Normal solutions - Determination of pH by various methods – Preparation of buffer solutions - Reactions of Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides- Disaccharides- Non-reducing Disaccharide -Polysaccharides - Reactions of Proteins – Estimation of amino acids - Reactions of Lipids- Acid number/saponificationof an oil - Identification of unknown substances of physiological importance
BMB 803: CELL BIOLOGY (2 + 0 = 2)
Module 1
Evaluation of cellular structures and organization - Structural and biochemical differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes – Viruses and bacteriophages – Visualizing cells – Light microscopy – Phase contrast microscopy – Fluorescence microscopy – Confocal microscopy – Electron microscopy.
Module 2
Structure and functions of cell organelles: membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cytosol – Cell-cell interactions – Cell junctions – Cell adhesions – Extracellular matrix – Membrane Transport – Passive and active transport - Uniport – Symport – Antiport – Ion channels – Endo and exocytosis - Intracellular compartment and protein sorting
Module 3
Cell cycle – cell cycle control system- check points – Cyclically activated protein kinases –Apoptosis – Mitochondria in apotosis Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways - Cell Division- Mitosis – Cytokinesis - Germ cells - Meiosis – Fertilization - Cancer – Cancer-critical genes – Oncogenes – Protoonco genes – Tumour suppressor genes - Molecular basis of cancer cell behavior.
BMB 804: ENZYMOLOGY Credits 2 + 0
Module-1
Enzyme classification - Properties –enzyme activity – Specificity - Mechanism of action – Theories of enzyme action – active site - Factors affecting enzyme activity – Enzyme units- Turnover number - Kinetics – Michaelis Menton equation – Line Weaver Burk equation
Module-2
Activation energy – Coenzymes – Metallo enzymes – Co-factors Structure and mechanism of action of representative enzymes, lysozyme, Chymotrypsin and Ribonuclease - Enzyme inhibition – Competitive - Uncompetitive – Mixed – Suicidal activators –Regulatory enzymes – Allosteric enzymes - Feed back inhibition
Module-3
Isoenzymes, abzymes, ribozymes - Isolation and purification of enzymes - Criteria of purity of enzymes - Zymography - Isoenzyme separation -Application of enzymesin chemical and food industry, enzyme immobilization, biosensors and clinical applications of enzymes
BMB 805: CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID METABOLISM Credits 2 +0
Module-1
Review of carbohydrate digestion - Glucose transport across intestinal mucosal cells- GLUT molecules and glucose transport - Glycolysis – Malate aspartate and glycerol phosphate shuttle pathways – 2,3 BPG shunt
Module-2
Entry of fructose, mannose and galactose in glycolytic pathway -Glycogenolysis - Alcohol fermentation – Fate of pyruvate -TCA cycle – HMP pathway – Glucronate pathway – Gluconeogenesis – Glycogenesis – Synthesis of lactose - Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism – Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism- Photosynthesis – Calvin cycle - glyoxylate cycle
Module-3
Review of fat digestion and absorption – Lipoprotein metabolism –Triacyl glycerol - Beta oxidation of saturated, unsaturated, even chain and odd chain fatty acids – Fate of Propionyl CoA – Ketone bodies and their utilization – Bioynthesis of fatty acids –Regulation of fatty acid metabolism - Cholesterol metabolism
BMB 806: PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM Credits 2 + 0
Module-1
Review of protein digestion and absorption – Transport of amino acids – Degradation of amino acids – Transamination – Deamination – Disposal of ammonia – Urea cycle – Disturbances in urea cycle – Fate of carbon skeleton of amino acids
Module-2
Physiologically active peptides - Synthesis of special products from amino acids – Catecholamines – Melanin – Thyroid hormones – Polyamines – Serotonin – Niacin etc and its biological significance – Disorders associated with amino acid metabolism – Tyrosinaemia – Alkaptonuria – Albinism – Homocysteinuria – MSUD – Citrullinaemia – Hartnup disease – Phenylketonuria
Module-3
Review of nucleic acid digestion – Endonucleases – Exonucleases - Degradation purines and pyrimidines – Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines – Denovo and salvage pathways - Formation of deoxy nucleotides - Clinical significances of carbohydrate and nucleic acid metabolism may be added
BMB 807: NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY Credits 2 +0
Module-1
Digestion and absorption of biomolecules – Energy metabolism – Calorimetry – BMR – Determinartion and factors affecting BMR – SDA of food– Principles of nutrition –Balanced diet & its planning -Nutritive importance of various food sources - Calorific value of food - toxins & additives – Obesity - Protein Energy - Malnutrition ( PEM)- Free radicals and antioxidants in relation to nutrition - Analysis of proximate principles in feed
Module-2
Vitamins – Chemistry - Biological importance - Deficiency manifestations &
recommended daily allowance.Macro & micro elements -Their role in health & disease water metabolism & its regulation.
Module-3
Diet in the management of chronic diseases viz; Diabetes mellitus – Coronary artery diseases – Renal disorders – hypertension – Anaemia – Rickets and Osteomalacia
BMB 808: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Credits 2 +2
Module-1
Collection of samples – Preservation – Pre-analytical errors in clinical biochemistry – Chemistry of respiration – urine formation - acid base balance –Water and electrolyte balance and imbalance
Module-2
Disorders associated with metabolism of biomolecules – Hyperglycaemia - Galactosaemia - Glycogen storage diseases – Vongierk’s disease, Pompe’s Disease, McArdles’ disease, Anderson’s disease, Cori’s disease - Keto acidosis –Phenylketonuria, Mapple syrup urine disease - Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Immunodeficiency disorders- Biotransformation of xenobiotics
Module-3
Hormonal disorders - Diabetes mellitus –Adrenal deficiency diseases – Hyper adrenocorticism - Adrenal dependent and Pituitary dependent – Diabetes insipidus – Thyroid dependent diseases - Hyperthyroidism – Hypothyroidism – Pituitary dependant diseases - Gigantism - Cretinism- Disorders due to defective elimination of waste products - Uremia, Hyper bilirubinaemia (Juandice)
Module-4
Enzymes of diagnostic importance – Plasma proteins in health and disease - Function tests of various organs - Kidney, Liver, Adrenal, Cardiac, GI tract, Pancreas, Thyroid and Pituitary
Module-5
Radioisotopes and their clinical applications - Total Quality Management of Laboratories - Internal Quality control - External Quality control - Accreditation of laboratories
Practical
Estimation of glucose - Glucose tolerance test - Estimation of glycosylated proteins – liver and kidney function tests - Estimation of total protein –Abumin - A:G ratio – Bilirubin - Urea –Creatinine - Separation of serum proteins by electrophoresis – Estimation of total activity of enzymes of clinical importance – ALT, AST, LDH, CPK, ALP, ACP, Amylase etc. – Lipid profile analysis – Triacylglycerol, Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL – Estimation of minerals, Na, K etc.
BMB 809: IMMUNOCHEMISTRY (1 + 0 = 1)
Module 1
Immunity- active and passive-Organs of Immune system- Cellular basis of immunity- Humoral and cell mediated immunity.
Module 2
Antigens: various types and characteristics- Haptens - Immunoglobulins- structure, properties and functions- Generation of antibody diversity- Polyclonal antibodies – Monoclonal antibodies- Hybridoma - Recombinant antibodies - Antigen Antibody reaction- MHCs – Complement system – Hypersensitivity reactions.
Module 3
Current immunological techniques – Immunodiffusion – Immunoelectrophoresis – Immunofluoresence - Fluorescence-activated cell sorter – ELISA – RIA – FISH
BMB 810: ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2 + 1 = 3)
Module 1
Principles and applications of Colorimetry – Spectrophotometry - Flame photometry - Spectro-flurometry –NMR - Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and Density gradient centrifugation - Ultracentrifugation
Module 2
Chromatographic Techniques: Principles and applications of chromatography - Paper chromatography - TLC, HPLC, GLC, - Ion-exchange, Gel-filtration, Affinity, Hydrophobic interaction chromatography - Metal chelate chromatography.
Module 3
Electrophoretic Techniques: Concepts in electrophoresis, PAGE, SDS-PAGE, Molecular weight determination – Isoelectrofocussing - 2D-PAGE – Submarine agarose gel electrophoresis - Capillary Electrophoresis
Module 4
Principles and applications of blotting and hybridisation techniques - Southern Blot - Northern blot - Western Blot - in situand dot blot - ELISA, RIA, PCR - Radiotracer Techniques - Concepts in radioactivity, radioactivity counting methods, Scintillation counting. Non-radioactive labeling techniques.
Practical
Fractionation and identification of amino acids, sugar and proteins by TLC and paper chromatography (1D and 2D – Gel electrophoresis – agarose and polyacrylamide and paper electrophoresis – Column chromatographic separation – fractionation of proteins by ammonium sulphate – desalting of proteins by dialysis – isolation of proteins by gel filtration – separation of amino acids by ion exchange chromatography – Determination of molecular weight of protein by gel filtration and SDS - PAGE – Demonstration of RIA, ELISA and immunoelectrophoresis.
BMB 811: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2 + 0 = 2)
Module 1
Genetic material – chromosomes - DNA -genes – Organization of chromosomes - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes – histones – nucleosomes – linker DNA – Plectonaemic and solenidal conformations - Satellite DNA - Mitochondrial DNA.
Module 2
DNAreplication – Basic principles – DNA polymerases of prokaryotes and eukaryotes – Initiation – Elongationand Termination – Tus-Ter complex – Catenanes - Transposons - DNA damage - radiation, chemicals, mutations - DNA repair mechanisms- Chemical synthesis of DNA .
Module 3
Transcription: RNA synthesis - RNA polymerases - Promoters, enhancers and transcription factors and other response elements –initiation – elongation – termination - Rho dependent and rho independent termination - DNA foot printing - Post transcriptional modification - Control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes - Operon hypothesis- Tryptophan operon – Lac operon – Arabinose operon - Transcription inhibitors.
Module 4
Protein biosynthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes - Wobble hypothesis- Genetic code and its characteristics - Shine Dalgarno sequence - Initiation – Elongation - termination signals – Post translational modifications and protein translocation - Regulation of translation - Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis
BMB 812: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING (2 + 1 = 3)
Module 1
Recombinant DNA technology – Cloning - Restriction endonucleases –Nomenclature - Types of RENs – Staggered and blunt cut – Frequency of restriction sites -Vectors – Plasmids – Bacteriphages – Cosmids – BAC – YAC – HAC - Isolation of genes - Recombinant vector - Transformation- Strategies - Selection of recombinants –Blue white screening
Module 2
Genomic DNA library - cDNA synthesis - cDNA library –Library Screening – DNA probes – Hybridisation - gene identification –DNA microarrays – Human genome project – Gene mapping – Physical and linkage mapping - Chromosome walking
Module 3
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems –Gene amplification- PCR and its variants –DNA Fingerprinting – RFLP – RAPD PCR – ERIC PCR – REP PCR – Pulsed field gel electrophoresis – CHEF - DNA sequencing - Chemical and enzymatic – Automated -Applications of rDNA technology – Gene silencing –RNA interference - Gene knock out- Site directed mutagenesis .
Module 4
Transgenic animals –Micro injection – Applications of transgenics - Somatic cell nuclear transfer – Advantages – disadvantages - Gene therapy- DNA vaccines- Telomerases and topoisomerases in treatment of diseases – Role of nucleic acids in disease diagnosis - Stem cell and its applications – Fundamentals of bioinformatics.
Practical
Isolation of Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA – Concentration and purity checking - RNA electrophoresis – mRNA isolation - Restriction Enzyme digestion - Separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis- RFLP analysis - Primer design - PCR amplification – Plasmid isolation - Cloning –Sothern blotting – Northern blotting - Hybridization assay
Seminar Credits 1 + 0 = 1
Minor Course
BMB 813: FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSIOLOGY - I Credits 3+ 1 = 4
Module 1
Blood and body Fluids: Chemistry of Blood – Composition - Plasma proteins and its function - Blood cells RBC, WBC and Platelets – functions – blood volume and its regulation - Homeostasis – Blood coagulation – Factors required - Anticoagulants – blood groups and blood transfusion – Synthesis of Haemoglobin – degradation and excretion of bile pigments - Lymph – origin, circulation, function of lymph, lymph nodes, Reticuloendothelial system – structure and function -CSF formation, composition and function
Module 2
Digestive system :Structure and functions of alimentary tract and associated glands – Composition and functions of saliva, gastric juice – pancreatic juice - Mechanism of secretion - Factors affecting secretion - Liver Structure and function - Composition and secretion of bile - gastrointestinal hormones and their actions – digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, water and electrolytes.
Module 3
CardioVasular system: Cardiac cycle – Blood pressure and its regulation- Regional circulations– Venous – Venous return – Coronary - Pulmonary – Cerebral and cutaneous.
Module 4
Respiratory system:Structure and function of respiratory organs – Mechanism of respiration - Respiratory membrane and its importance - Transport of gases (O2, CO2) - Gas exchange in lung and tissues - Respiratory volume and capacities - Regulation of breathing
Module 5
Uro-genital system:Functional anatomy of kidney - Structure of nephron, Renal blood flow and its importance - Functions of tubules - Mechanism of urine formation - Composition of urine in health and diseases - GFR -Male and female reproduction systems - Control of growth and reproduction
Module 6
Neuromuscular system:Basic structure and function ofCentral Nervous System (CNS), Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)Transmission of nerve impulse. Musculoskeletal system –types ofmuscles, movement and muscle contraction – contractile mechanisms- Neuro-muscular disorders.
Practicals
Collection and preservation of blood samples - Haemogram – Haemoglobin - PCV – ESR- RBC count - Total WBC count - Differential count - Platelet count - MCH, MCV and MCHC – Estimation of Coagulation time – Bleeding time – Normal and abnormal urinalysis – Pregnancy tests
BMB 814: MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY (2 + 0 = 2)
Module – 1
Introduction to Endocrinology – Hormonal cascade system - Classification – Peptide, amino acid derived and steroid hormones –Vitamin derived hormones – Mechanism of action of hormones – Cell surface receptors – Intracellular receptors- G-Protein coupled receptors - Adenylate cyclases - Cyclic nucleotides, IP3, DAG, Calcium ions and tyrosine kinase as second messengers.
Module 2
Hypothalamic hormones – Homones of adenohypophysis – GH, FSH, LH, TSH, and Neurohypophysis –Oxytocin – Vasopressin - Metabolic and physiological functions – Pancreatic hormones – Insulin – Glucagon _ Pancreatic polypeptide – Somatostatin - Synthesis, structure and metabolic functions.
Module 3
Adrenal medullary hormones – Epinephrine – Nor epinephrine - Neurotransmitters (cholinergic and adrenergic) - Dopamine, Serotonin - Synthesis, structure and function – Thyroid and parathyroid hormones – T3 and T4 – Calcotonin - Parath hormone - Structure and function
Module – 4
Gastric hormones – functions - Adreno-cortical hormones – Glucocorticoids – Mineralocorticoids - Sex steroids – Metabolic and physiological functions – Retinoic acid and Vitamin D – Prostaglandins – Leukotrienes - Thromboxanes
Supporting Course
*BSTAT- 530BIOSTATISTICS 2 + 1 = 3
Course will be offered by the Faculty in the Dept. of Statistics, COVAS, Mannuthy as per the Detailed syllabus given in the PG syllabus – 2008 formulated by ICAR
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